Tremendous progress has been made in procedures for making fixed prosthodontic impressions over the past few decades. A common objective for impressions and interim crowns or fixed dental prostheses is to register the prepared abutments and finish lines accurately. For all impression procedures, the gingival tissue must be displaced to allow the subgingival finish lines to be registered. Retraction is the temporary displacement of the gingival tissue away from the prepared teeth. This article discusses the current methods that are applied for displacement of gingival tissues so that adequate amount of unprepared tooth structure can be recorded with least distortion of impression material as well as minimal damage to attachment apparatus of the tooth. In addition to this, gingival displacement techniques around implants and for computer aided design/computer added manufacturing (CAD/CAM) based restorations have been discussed. PubMed and Google Scholar were used to search any studies involving gingival retraction techniques. The keywords used were gingival retraction, gingival displacement, gingival retraction in implants and retraction cord. Gingival retraction holds an indispensable place during soft tissue management before an impression is made. Swift increase in research work in the recent past leaves no option for a clinician, but to be updated and to possess optimum knowledge to rationalize the use of materials and techniques that are employed for gingival displacement in proximity to both teeth as well as implants.

This review of literature is an attempt to summarize different modalities of ozone application in dentistry. Ozone gas has a high oxidation potential and is effective against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. It also has the capacity to stimulate blood circulation, platelets, and immune response. Ozone is used in dentistry in gaseous, ozonated water and as ozonated oils. Ozone was shown to be biocompatible and is used in all aspects of dentistry. It has been shown to stimulate remineralization of recent caries-affected teeth and is used as a preventive therapy in caries, root caries, and intracanal irrigants in endodontic treatment. It has been used in treatment of alveolitis, avascular osteonecrosis of the jaw, and herpes virus infection. It also inhibits plaque formation and can be used as an adjuvant in periodontal surgical and maintenance phase. Ozone has also been used in dental unit water line to disinfect water. Advantage of ozone therapy is it is an atraumatic, biologically based treatment. While laboratory studies suggest a promising potential of ozone in dentistry, less number of clinical studies were documented. More number of randomized, controlled trials need to be conducted to determine the precise indications and guidelines to treat various dental pathologies with this promising medical agent.

The challenge to our profession today is to improve the quality of oral health while overcoming both extrinsic and intrinsic factors which may adversely affect our progress toward achieving this goal. Nanotechnology which is fast developing, its name reverberating in almost every field, is also making and is set to transform dentistry in a huge way. This article tries to give an insight of the application of nanotechnology in dentistry using both top down and bottom up approach, recent development of nano products with superior quality, helical rosette nanotubes as a bone substitute, surface treatment of implant, dentifrobot, improved diagnostic instruments, (biomarkers, stem cell imaging in MRI) precise drug delivery system, controlled radiation therapy and bio nano sensors for cancer treatment, the near to achieve future ground breaking realities of development of bionic mandible, nanorobots, respirocytes, microbiovore, cytorobots, karyorobots, their effect on dentistry and medicine, and the possible risk factors and the ethical concerns to be looked into for application of nanotechnology in dentistry.

Vertical root fractures, or VRFs, usually are characterized by an incomplete or complete fracture line that extends through the long axis of the root toward the apex. The cause of VRFs is mainly trauma and iatrogenic reasons. Complete or incomplete VRFs constitute an ongoing problem in dentistry because they are difficult to be diagnosed in the early stages. In most cases, tooth extraction is the only reasonable treatment when the VRF is finally diagnosed. Other options have been put forward such as bonding the two fractured segments and reimplanting the tooth. A similar case has been described here.

Digital fluoroscopy has an unlimited potential in dentistry. The mysteries of mandibular motion can be unravelled and several facts unearthed. It is revealed from critical review of literature that fluoroscopy has proved its utility in evaluating the function and mobility of dentures and the position of bolus in two-dimensional views.Various applications are summarized as follows: temporo mandibular joint disorders; mandibular movement, which includes contact during mastication, freeway space and position of condyles in glenoid fossa (terminal hinge position). Here we present three case reports in which digital fluoroscopic potential was used as a valuable research tool, diagnostic aid and therapeutic monitor of the progress of treatment in dentistry.

Surgical endodontic endosseous stabilizer by embedding an inert chrome cobalt alloy through the root canal into the osseous structure is a reliable procedure to lengthen the existing root and provide individual tooth stabilization. In this case report, an endodontic stabilizer was used in conjunction with surgical intervention and bone grafting. This case was considered successful on the basis of clinical and radiographic evidence.

Gemination and fusion are developmental anomalies which are quite similar to each other but can be distinguished from each other if properly assessed. Fusion and gemination have been described as a result of developmental anomalies of dental tissues. The exact etiology is still unknown, but a genetic predisposition is suggested. These anomalies are more prevalent among primary teeth (0.6-2.8%) than permanent ones (0.1-1%). The purpose of this case report is to describe a multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of bilateral fusion between permanent maxillary central incisors and two mesiodens. When the various specialities of dentistry come together the outcome is much better than that achieved by each speciality alone.

Platelet rich fibrin is a novel treatment option available for various mucogingival defects with varied outcome. Although it is as its infancy, the best part of platelet-rich fibrin is acquirement of optimal esthetic results with excellent soft tissue contour and texture. This case reports highlights the usage of platelet rich fibrin membrane for the treatment of mucogingival defects such as gingival recession.

Endodontic-periodontal combined lesion is a clinical dilemma because making a differential diagnosis and deciding a prognosis are difficult. Lesions of the periodontal ligament and adjacent alveolar bone may originate from infections of the periodontium or tissues of the dental pulp. Periradicular bone loss secondary to endodontic pathosis is typically seen in teeth with necrotic pulps. The ultimate goal of periodontal therapy is not only to maintain the natural dentition, but also to restore lost periodontium. Combined periodontal and endodontic diseases involve the periodontal attachment apparatus. The treatment of endodontic-periodontal combined lesions requires both endodontic therapy and periodontal regenerative procedures. With advancements in new techniques and materials different treatment choices are available, providing a superior prognosis. This article includes case reports of combined endo-perio lesions which were first treated with conventional endodontic therapy and then followed by periodontal surgery. This combined treatment resulted in a radiographical evidence of alveolar bone gain. This case report demonstrates that proper diagnosis, followed by removal of etiological factors and utilizing the combined treatment modalities will restore health and function to the teeth with severe attachment loss caused by an endo-perio lesion.

Accurate diagnosis will be prime aspect in any clinical pathology which helps in effective treatment plan. Improper diagnosis could drastically alter the treatment outcome. Dental developmental anomalies in various forms are often unrevealed things in clinical diagnosis. Unrevealed anomalies could be the hindrance in treatment and may lead into loss of structures. One such most often missed developmental anomaly in periodontal aspect is radicular lingual groove. This article is dealing with a salvaging of radicular lingual groove in 22 with inter disciplinary approach using bone grafts and platelet- rich plasma.

Mini dental implants (MDI) are ultra-small diameter (l.8 mm width), biocompatible titanium alloy implant screws, conceived and designed over 20 years ago by a board-certified Manhattan dentist, Victor I. Sendax, DDS. Dr. R.A. Bulard added a single one piece 'O-ball' design to Dr. Sandax`s concept. These implants can be used in atrophic ridges, flabby ridges or in other cases where there is denture instability or lack of retention due to poor availability of residual bone. In this article, we discuss a case report of a 59-year-old female patient with a severely atrophic mandibular ridge that was managed by the MDI system with an overdenture.

Traumatic injuries of the teeth and their structures are complex and require comprehensive, accurate diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach for successful treatment outcome. The article emphasizes the need for a planned multidisciplinary approach to treat subgingival crown fracture, keeping into consideration the biological, functional, esthetic and patient demands. The fractured tooth was endodontically treated with post and core placement, orthodontically extruded and soft tissue contours corrected for crown placement.